Creation+of+the+Universe

By Matthew Nguyen Oscillating Universe The Oscillating Universe theory was first hypothesised by Albert Einstein, but further worked on by Richard Tolman in 1934. Tolman decided to work with this theory because if the Big Bang theory were true then the universe would continue to expand out forever eventually running out of energy becoming cold and dead. So therefore the oscillating theory was created. This theory states that the universe was born by the Big Bang and will end by the Big Crunch. It states that the universe will continue this cycle for eternity. The universe will continue in this cycle because it is closed, this means there is a limited amount of space that the universe can expand into. Therefore when the universe reaches this point, it will begin to reseed eventually collapsing into a singularity then respawn to another universe. This theory became very popular in the 60’s and 70’s because of the idea of a universe with no end. To bad this isn’t true. There were three main arguments against the oscillating universe theory. This first is that recent information shows that the universe is not closed, so it does not have a limit and can expand forever. The second is that the oscillating theory states there was a first Big Bang. But if the universe keeps on oscillating then the amount of Big Bangs and Big Crunch’s will decrease back into infinity making the idea of a first Big Bang impossible. The last and most important point made against the oscillating universe theory is the entropy and second law of thermodynamics. Entropy is the measurement of disorder and it can never go back. So as the universe expands it needs more time and more space increasing forever. So this means there is one point, the origin, on one side and there is expanding on to infinity on the other side. And entropy states that the universe can’t go back to the single point and will keep expanding until it loses energy and dies. And by reasoning there does not need to be oscillations happening in the middle because eventually there is going to be one infinite universe. In 2001 a new theory was proposed by Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok to revitalize the oscillating universe theory. This new theory is called the cyclic model, it states that space and time exists forever. The Big Bang is not the beginning but creates a bridge between pre-existing universes. The universe undergoes an endless sequence of big crunches and big bangs with trillions of years of evolution in between. The density and temperature of the universe can never become infinite but there is a finite point. The galaxies were formed by instabilities during the big crunch. There is no inflation and the flatness was created by the most recent big bang. The cyclic model explains the most of the same points as the big bang theory but it does help to explain more. What will happen to the universe, what is the role of dark energy, does time exists after the big crunch or before the big bang? These are questions the cyclic model can explain that the big bang theory can not.

__Bibliography__ __Cyclic Model__ Wikimedia Foundation. Inc 31 May 2009 [] The American Institute of Biological Sciences 2008-2009 [] Seed Media Group LLC 1 June 2009 [] BBC News 26 April 2009 [] __Oscillating Universe__ 2002-2009 AllAboutCreation.org [] Wikimedia Foundation. Inc 15 April 2009 []

By:mike ** The way that science commonly sees the universe is that everything is made from three different particles: electrons, neutrons, and protons. We usually see them as a ball (electrons) spinning around a cluster of larger balls which we call a nucleus (made of protons and neutrons).
 * String theory

Superstring theory tells us differently. It states that everything is made of a “closed loop string” and because strings move or wiggle, they can look different from a distance. An example is the electron which would not a ball, but a closed string and depending on the way it wiggles, it appears to be an electron, but if it were to wiggle another way, it would appear to be a photon (a particle of light) or a number of other subatomic particles.

However, there is another type of string that is not the same as a closed loop string mentioned above. It is a closed string loop that can break into an open string. The different string theories are categorized depending on whether they require an open loop string or a closed loop string and whether or not they require a “boson” (a subatomic particle that transmits a force) or both a boson and a “fermion” (another subatomic particle that is a part of matter).

If the theory only includes the boson then it is called bosonic string theory and if it requires both it is called type I string theory. If that is the case then it needs something called super symmetry. Super symmetry means that there is the same number of bosons that there are fermions. Both bosonic and type I can have open and closed strings. There is another particle called the Tachyon, this particle has an imaginary mass, which is why scientists have a problem wrapping their heads around it. In all there are six string theories, to see the categorization of the other four see the graph below (taken from [|www.superstringtheory.com]) Dimensions ** || ** Details ** || By: mike ** The Big Bang Theory is the widely accepted explanation for the creation of the universe. It posits that around 13.7 billion years ago, a small particle, smaller than an atom, grew to the size of a football and exploded. The massive explosion shot matter in every direction. At first, there were only sub-atomic particles such as quarks in an extremely dense “soup” that was a trillions of times denser than water. Anti-matter was also shot out in the explosion. Anti-matter has not been found in our universe. Therefore, any hypothesis including the existence of anti-matter cannot be proven outright.
 * ** Type ** || ** Spacetime
 * ** Bosonic ** || 26 || Only bosons, no fermions mean only forces, no matter, with both open and closed strings. Major flaw: a particle with imaginary mass, called the ** tachyon ** ||
 * ** I ** || 10 || Super symmetry between forces and matter, with both open and closed strings, no tachyon. ||
 * ** IIA ** || 10 || Super symmetry between forces and matter, with closed strings only, no tachyon, massless fermions spin both ways ||
 * ** IIB ** || 10 || Super symmetry between forces and matter, with closed strings only, no tachyon, massless fermions only spin one way ||
 * ** HO ** || 10 || Super symmetry between forces and matter, with closed strings only, no tachyon, heterotic, meaning right moving and left moving strings differ. ||
 * ** HE ** || 10 || Super symmetry between forces and matter, with closed strings only, no tachyon, heterotic, meaning right moving and left moving strings differ. ||
 * Big Bang Theory

When anti-matter and matter came in contact with each other, both were destroyed. The theory is that there existed more matter than anti-matter. Once all the anti-matter had been destroyed, the universe was left almost empty. It is thought that the battle between them took milliseconds to occur.

It is thought that three minutes after the explosion, the quarks started to fuse together creating helium gas. After over three hundred million years, the gases started to condense into early stars and galaxies. The after-glow of the Big Bang can still be seen as a radioactive microwave background detectable by X-ray scans. Fun Fact: a small portion of static that you can see on you television screen is the afterglow of the Big Bang.

// Earth and Space // Published by Bardfield Press, 2004 John Farndon [] NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration: [] Berkeley University: [] [|http://www.nuclecu.unam.mx/~alberto/physics/string.html] []
 * Bibliography:**

By: Kulmiye Nur, Matthew Nguyen, Mike Stuart
= __How was the Universe Created?__ =

The big bang t

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2. **Multiverse:**
===What Multiverse is the theory that there are a set of multiple possible universe **s. But this theory says that within the multiverse there are sometimes called parrallel universes.** To define this theory it is, there are stars with a mass to break within themselves, creating they theory as black holes. Inside the black hole there is something called "singularity" where the laws may to exist. During the space time the universe becomes massively large, and science does not know what will happen. The theory of Einstein which is realativitiy, which cannot be determined, what singularity will do on anything. ===

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The steady state theory explains that the universe has looked the same, and will always look the same no matter what way you look at it. ; Essentially, the theory states that they universe is the same during time and space. The advantage of Steady State theory is that it is easy and simple, unlike other theories such as (multiversity). For example, that the universe is not changing, the universe doesn’t need any explanation of its origin (begging). In addition, to explain the slowly dropping density would explain the expanding universe. The steady state theory describes new creation in order to hold a steady density and that explains the ‘steady’ state theory.

Why it was abandoned?
The steady state theory explaining that the universe has been expanding at a steady rate with no origin or end, that it will keep on expanding at a steady density, and that objects in the big bang theory, because of due the discovery of quasars that are seen only at very far range, suggesting a common relationship between objects and their range. Steady state theory was also abandoned because of the discovery of cosmic background radiation, which was known by the big bang theory but not by the steady state theory.

__Sources:__ http://web.uvic.ca/~jtwong/newtheories.htm http://www.slate.com/id/2100715 http://www.stephen-knapp.com/why_understand_the_creation_of_the_universe.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady_state_theory http://www.allaboutcreation.org/steady-state-theory-faq.htm http://science.jrank.org/pages/6477/Steady-State-Theory.html